tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3137993103759635922024-03-13T03:55:29.149-07:00The Randforce AssociatesJohn Christensenhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14039077255970201813noreply@blogger.comBlogger31125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-75424621801170131572013-04-24T09:02:00.000-07:002013-04-24T09:02:46.001-07:00Is "Digital" Dead?It occurred to me while I was working on the project "<a href="http://ohda.matrix.msu.edu/" target="_blank">Oral History in the Digital Age</a>", that I wonder what the inevitable post-digital age will be characterized by... I'm wondering if at some point we'll be able to stop putting the word "digital" in front of everything and just call it "the work we're doing now". This stems from a question I've had for several months now: what does "digital" really mean? Despite it's flagrant use as modifier for all sorts of things, I think it just means we use computers, which is such a given at this point in history that we hardly need to make a note of it. I'm starting to think it might be time to reign in that term, and make sure that our enthusiasm for the potential that computers bring to us (and the potential of web-based social connectivity) does not get confused with what our actual work is.<br />
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<br />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-34931156917836728852013-04-10T09:03:00.000-07:002013-04-10T09:03:52.426-07:00Sorting the Laundry and “CVS”<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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“CVS” is an abbreviation we have
used previously for that cross-referencing ability provided in Interclipper and
other database browse/search environments. CVS
stands for “chinese, vegetable, spicy” and we use this as an example of how an index (or indexes), in this case a book of recipes, needs to be flexible and mulch-dimensional to optimize users browsing power. In a recipe book, you would never ask "is the recipe Chinese OR vegetable OR
spicy?" These represent different lenses through which you can organize many
recipes, i.e., ethnicity, ingredient type, novel qualities of the food. But they are not mutually exclusive.</div>
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<br /></div>
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We often use <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>CVS as shorthand for
“multi-dimensional indexing”. It simply means that terms and groups of terms are organized in a coding framework/map that allows for different facets to be visuallized--not washed out by a single hierarchy or the alphabet.</div>
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Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-5400642947486644522013-04-03T08:12:00.000-07:002013-04-03T08:12:17.657-07:00Timecode Metadata<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Timecode metadata are the critical link in the between textual content and audio or video in digital environments. Different architectures for timecode deployment have evolved independently in the creation of digital oral
history collections, and all
help to significantly increase digital accessibility. With
many models now on the table it is an appropriate time to take <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inventory</i> of what approaches are
available, closely <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">evaluate</i> the relationship
between these models, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">understand</i> the
range or textual data they are linked to, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">elucidate</i> the current “state of the art” to find common ground for
future developments. </div>
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Timecodes are being put to use in two broad ways:
1.) as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">transcription timecodes</i></b>, enhancing full text transcriptions with a cross-reference to time points in the source audio or video,
and 2.) as audio or video file metadata enhancing a longer audio or video file, or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A/V
timecodes</b>. Within A/V timecodes two basic models are emerging, one that
uses timecodes pointing to a single point in time in the digital file, allowing the user to play forward from that point. (We might call <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">these </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">indexing point timecodes</b>.) In another
model, (which we might call <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">passage timecodes</b>), timecodes are defined as inpoints and outpoints giving meaningful content within a longer digital file its own begining, middle and ending. </div>
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The latter model of defining passage timecodes can take place in database environments where the in/out points are just references that move the listener digitally (hypertextually) to the passage of interest. In other contexts, practitioners manage oral
histories by hard-editing passages permanently, thus creating <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">segments</b> or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">clips </b>from the full length digital source file. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </div>
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All timecode deployments require choices to be
made--regarding the frequency of transcription or indexing point timecodes, or the
length and comprehensiveness of passages timecodes. No standards have been set
as to how these choices are made and there are strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches. I hope to have the opportunity to compare notes with others using the various models, determine the trades-offs
between models, establish what can and cannot be standardized, and allow digital oral history stewards to proceed with future investments in software more
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Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-87972853731977802772013-03-27T07:34:00.003-07:002013-04-03T08:42:13.831-07:00Video and Archive Retrieval Models # 3Today I met with the program manager of a local arts organization that has a SAMMA video digitization system. SAMMA is now part of <a href="http://www.fpdigital.com/" target="_blank">Front Porch Digital</a>, and they now have a host of products and services. Prominently featured on their website is a cloud solution for storing all the digital video... looks progressive, but expensive!<br />
<br />
Probably the most frightening and sobering thing I learned about digitizing with a SAMMA system today is that you can generate <i><b>terabytes </b></i>of data in a matter of days. Thus, not only is content management of digital video a critical concern--assuring he content is readily accessible withing and across tapes. There is a formidable challenge of how to deal with the uncompressed media once your work starts flowing. Do the costs of storage and raw data management ultimately dwarf the cost of digitization when you work with such a high end system?Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-461263667918639212013-03-20T12:44:00.000-07:002013-04-03T08:41:29.788-07:00Video and Archive Retrieval Models # 2Today, Mike, Melanie and I ventured over to the Center for Documentary Media at the University at Buffalo. We wanted to learn more about Final Cut Pro and Avid, and think about ways in which their expanding metadata capacities might approach the database capabilities of Interclipper. In the process, we talked a lot about two types of Adobe Software: Bridge and Lightroom.<br />
<br />
Both software come bundled with various Adobe Suites and both are heavily oriented toward photo management. As a follow up I checked out some random Youtube videos and eventually came to some put out by Adobe themselves--by their <a href="http://tv.adobe.com/presenters/" target="_blank">Evangelists & Experts</a>. Short of going to lynda.com, this is a good place to look for quick tutorials on Adobe products (and some are produced by lynda).<br />
<br />
<br />
One video stated that Lightroom uses a database whereas Bridge does not... I'll need to look into that. The most important thing I gathered from Lightroom is that you can make groupings without actually moving stuff around. This is really the key concept we're looking for in multi-media software. We have to be able to be able to "put" stuff in categories, without really putting them anywhere. <br />
<br />
Bridge and Lightroom really caught my attention for photo management. But the search remains for management software that helps get video under control...Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-77308583348364623542013-03-13T13:49:00.000-07:002013-04-03T08:43:45.173-07:00Decision Making as the Essence of Preservation, Curation, and Dissemination of Oral History<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Escaping "The Digital Mortgage"</div>
<br />
<br />
In discussions about storage, preservation, and archiving of digital video of oral histories, Doug
Boyd frequently refers to the “<a href="http://ohda.matrix.msu.edu/2012/06/the-digital-mortgage/" target="_blank">Digital Mortgage</a>”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The digital mortgage is a catch-all concept
meant to emphasize long-term the commitment associated with oral histories
recorded on digital media. One major challenge with digital video is that
equipment is used, marketed, and continues to be developed not for archival
purposes but rather for production purposes. Thus oral historians and others
using these media for full-length audio/video documentation must become defacto
archivists, with no feasible workflow models available in academia, commercial
practice, nor in film and television production. Whereas archiving digital audio is a little easier to get a handle on, we still see professional contexts where unused raw media has transitioned only from the literal cutting room floor to a virtual cutting
room floor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although
“best practice” strategies may be recommended for video, can even well-funded collection stewards sustain these
methods uniformly across holdings? Although consistency in archival quality is nice, as Boyd points out that "perfect" may be "<a href="http://ohda.matrix.msu.edu/2012/06/is-perfect-the-enemy-of-good-enough/" target="_blank">the enemy of good enough</a>." Reality
begs that different material within a collection be treated differently and the
risk of loss should be considered on the collection and even the tape level,
rather than a model that calls for a blank check into the vastly unknown and uncharted digital
video future. Before signing anything, get a grip on what you have first so you can then make good choices about their value.<br />
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<br /></div>
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<i>This is an adaptation of an abstract I drafted
but never submitted anywhere, although some of the ideas emerge in our
forthcoming essay in the Oral History Review, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"Digital Curation through Information Cartography: A commentary on oral
history in the digital age from a content management vantage point</span>" (Lambert and Frisch, 2013)</i></div>
<br />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-33477311409395200002013-03-06T10:29:00.001-08:002013-04-03T08:20:23.098-07:00Video and Archive Retrieval Models # 1Melanie and I wanted to have an understanding of what the pros to do retrieve archival and recent footage for news broadcasts. We went to <a href="http://www.wivb.com/" target="_blank">WIVB TV Channel 4</a> here in Buffalo and talked to chief photographer Mike Mombrea and learned a few things..<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>They use special software add-ons that are part of the <a href="http://www.avid.com/US/products/family/iNEWS" target="_blank">AVID </a>editing program (iNews, Interplay). </li>
<li>In the software, they can search the titles of clips (or slugs) from past programs but also by the scripts associated with those clips.</li>
<li>The reporters develop the scripts in tandem with the editors, artfully sequencing video and audio as well as the newscasters' scripts.</li>
<li>Full, uncompressed video does not go back far for retrieval--on the order of days. A lot is archived on Beta tape and more recently on DVD (BlueRay) disk. They can retrieve footage from the network (CBS) as well, which downloads in real time to their local drives.</li>
</ul>
Some overall impressions include the fact that chronology rules the day as the major organizational for a 24-hour news cycle operation as this... makes sense! If you know when something specifically was broadcast , it's easy to find. The set up is not for the average citizen (or even the newspeople) just to browse around in to find something interesting. Bringing the exploration concept to news footage will be one of our challenges in our new project with the <a href="http://www.buffalobroadcasters.com/" target="_blank">Buffalo Broadcasters Association</a>.Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-50519874957012657822013-02-20T11:42:00.002-08:002013-04-03T08:19:50.711-07:00Indexes as Evaluative Tools<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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When I began <a href="http://www.erie.buffalo.edu/profiles/D_Lambert.php" target="_blank">my Ph.D studies</a>, my graduate <a href="http://www.erie.buffalo.edu/profiles/A_Rabideau.php" target="_blank">advisor</a> gave me a
valuable piece of advice: you will not have the time or energy to pursue every
good idea you have. This is not only solid life advice regarding personal
time management but holds very true for "<a href="http://ohda.matrix.msu.edu/" target="_blank">oral history in the digital age</a>". Not every recorded oral history is destined to make it into a PBS documentary--most won't. With a good index, or sometimes just a decent inventory, one can make choices about what material is strongest and where, when, why and how it should be put to use in any of the increasing multi-media avenues available. </div>
<br />
<br />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-63806080016604903512013-02-13T13:18:00.001-08:002013-04-03T08:18:43.473-07:00Meaning Mapping for Ballparks, not Bulls eyes<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]-->In a number of our projects, we have had
difficulty training our clients and partners NOT to get too specific by trying
to imagine every possible future user while creating the <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/indexercoder.html">controlled vocabularies</a> and <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/12/multi-dimensional-indexing-dynamic.html">multi-dimensional indexes</a>. (When we
did this on an early project we ended up with an “out-of-control” controlled
vocabulary.) The but the indexing process is not about naming things, rather sorting them into a collection of baskets of meaning
we create. The structure of baskets can grow, change, expand or contract over time (<a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/11/multi-dimensional-indexing-iterative.html">an "iterative" proces</a>s) and provide a lot of retrieval power and more than ample browsing power.<br />
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<br /></div>
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A misleading concept that Google reinforces in
the digital age is the idea that accessing multi-media is about hitting
bulls eyes or getting home runs. But one of the most underrated features of Google is
not its powerful secret engine for retrieval that we will never understand, but the way it now
leverages 10+ years of our “near misses”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Google’s correlative database gives us a quick list of potential things
we meant, but, like many others users, have misspelled or mis-Googled and
eventually found. Even Google knows that searches are actually
less about searching, and more about matching meaning to users’
desires. "Browsing" is still a mode of operating on the web and "Googling" is something different--more specific. We remember and embrace the promise of the web as a place to explore and <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/04/browsing-vs-searching-analogue-analogue.html">browse</a>... </div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-29349520925938737502013-02-06T12:45:00.001-08:002013-02-06T12:54:08.276-08:00Michael Frisch and "A Shared Authority"Michael Frisch does not yet have a Wikipedia entry to himself, unlike <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Ritchie" target="_blank">Don Ritchie</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Portelli" target="_blank">Alessandro Portelli</a>, our other favorite oral history rock stars. We really have to get on that one of these days....<br />
<br />Thanks to a recently published book, however, <i>Letting Go? Sharing Historical Authority in a User-Generated World</i>, there is a new Wikipedia entry that expounds on the concept clarifies what is meant by the iconic title of Mike's seminal book, <i>A Shared Authority</i>. Mike is quoted under the "Criticisms" section of the Wikipedia page "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_historical_authority" target="_blank">Shared Historical Authority</a>".<br />
<br />
<br />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-30097635670573548132012-12-12T10:11:00.001-08:002012-12-12T11:06:31.148-08:00Representation of recordings through Annotation<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Our practice of Oral History content management, which we
often refer to as <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2011/11/what-is-digital-indexing.html">digital indexing</a>, began by questioning the <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2011/12/unexamined-assumption.html">assumption</a> that recordings must be transcribed word for word before they can be
used.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the database-driven
environments we work in, <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2011/12/starting-with-indexed-summaries.html">summary annotations</a> are much preferred to full
transcription. The work of the <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/annotator.html">annotator</a> is at the heart of digital indexing and we continue to reiterate that full transcription is always an option if the need is there and time and resources
allow. Here are some random musings about annotation...</div>
<br />
<ul>
<li>Annotation is about representing what is on a recording in a
text format.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this sense, it is no
different than a transcription.</li>
<li>An annotation needs to describe passages of audio adequately
enough to lead a user to that passage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Defining the users well may be as important or more important than the specificity with which the annotation represents the passage. </span></li>
<li>An
annotation can be enhanced by using strategic vocabulary words within the prose of the annotation. Thus full text searches will get hits on that digital object (passage of audio or video). </li>
<li>All annotations are subjective, and that is totally okay. It is all part of recognizing, defining, and composing toward an audience of users. Our subjectivity saves them time.</li>
</ul>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-7953418717467201332012-12-04T08:15:00.000-08:002012-12-04T08:50:10.829-08:00Multi-Dimensional Indexing: A Dynamic Process<div class="MsoNormal">
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Traditional cataloging and
indexing might typically be bounded in scope--like in the case of a collection catalogue or an index is developed for a particular book.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But oral history collections and other digital
collections are often associated with active projects that are growing over time. If <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html">the indexing process</a> is strongly content-informed, and the content is changing dynamically over time, then the indexing process must not only be an <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/11/multi-dimensional-indexing-iterative.html">iterative</a> one, but a dynamic one as well.<br />
<br />
What does this mean for our <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/indexercoder.html">controlled vocabulary development</a> process? In order to
begin to capture the breadth and diversity of a collection via an index, the
more content used to contribute to its development, the better. But how much of the content should inform the index, and when? Is it okay not to reevaluate the earliest indexed material and code it up with the evolving framework?</div>
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<br />
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Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-14332896887422988772012-11-28T08:44:00.002-08:002012-12-04T08:17:04.191-08:00Multi-Dimensional Indexing: An Iterative Process<div class="MsoNormal">
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Developing and refining a catalogue or index is an iterative process that includes cycles of brainstorming, organizing, arranging,
testing, reorganizing, editing, and publication. Iterative means we expect to go back and adjust work done earlier in the process, informed by things we learn later in the process. This may seem inefficient if we are comparing to other types of work. But indexing is more like writing or music composition, where the goal is quality content and the product comes as a result of a number of drafts. Although some brilliant artists create and compose well spontaneously, others require multiple revisions of initial drafts. In indexing, we behave more like the latter artists, revising significantly our first attempts based on an evolving conception of what's important or feedback from an audience.</div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-9777976342468998092012-10-25T13:05:00.002-07:002012-12-04T08:44:43.305-08:00Digital Humanities DiscussionIn November I'll be attending the <a href="http://www.theasa.net/annual_meeting/" target="_blank">American Studies conference</a> in San Juan and will be on a panel talking about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_humanities" target="_blank">Digital Humanities</a> in graduate education. Although our primary identity at <a href="http://www.randforce.com/default.asp" target="">Randforce</a> is more in <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2011/11/what-is-digital-indexing.html" target="_blank">Digital Indexing</a> than digital humanities, we've worked with people like <a href="http://marktebeau.com/" target="_blank">Mark Tebeau</a> at Cleveland State and folks at the <a href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/" target="_blank">Center for History and New Media</a> at George Mason University--who run <a href="http://thatcamp.org/" target="_blank">THATcamp</a> and have developed <a href="mailto:http://omeka.org/" target="_blank">Omeka</a>--and generally have a lot to say about this diverse and emerging field. As part of the ramp-up to the conference I've been invited/encouraged to post and comment on this blog:<br />
<br />
<a href="http://digitalgradasa2012.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Digital Dimensions of Grad Ed in Am Studies </a><br />
<br />
Check it out to join or view the discussion... The session is co-sponsored by the Graduate Education Committee and the
Digital Humanities Caucus of the American Studies Association. Thanks to <a href="http://www.ncas.rutgers.edu/robert-w-snyder" target="_blank">Rob Snyder</a> for inviting me to join that panel!<br />
<br />
<br />Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-33151194235408160222012-08-30T09:30:00.000-07:002012-12-04T08:44:00.948-08:00Producer/Publisher<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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A producer may be involved at any stage of an <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html">oral historydigital indexing project</a>, and can focus on concise published content that features parts of a collection even as comprehensive annotation and indexing proceeds. Production can begin immediately after an interview is recorded or long after an interview was performed. Naturally, finding the best segments to produce from older footage is more convenient when the content is <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/annotator.html">annotated </a>and/or <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/indexercoder.html">indexed</a>.</div>
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Producers work in a variety of
different ways, but fundamentally their role is to identify content they wish
to work with, redact that content as part of an editorial process, and
reproduce the material in edited videos, podcasts, segments for radio, etc. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The producer uses the content of the audio/video resource, brings additional
research and vision, and adds other historical recordings, music, images and
other documents to create palatable products to
audiences. Annotation and indexing is crucial for creating access to oral history audio and video, but production and publication is important for spreading awareness of and exposure to the collection. Even as we attempt to preserve and create better access to oral history collections, ultimately we want to see them be used for the education and enjoyment of others, and producers are crucial players in that effort. </div>
<br />
<br />
Return to <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/06/oral-history-digital-indexing-roles.html" target="">Oral History Digital Indexing Roles.</a>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-7430832425343661972012-08-30T09:02:00.000-07:002012-12-04T08:42:44.517-08:00Editor<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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As with any published document, an editor is needed to assure consistency and quality. An editorial role is also important to unify
inconsistencies that may emerge between different <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/annotator.html">annotators </a>of the audio and video by dictating a style and
giving feedback until the desired “voice” is achieved. The work may be as much managerial
in nature as it is an editing role.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
general, the editor should be the master of all the text created in <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html">the annotation/indexingprocess</a>. The editor would not be expected to have heard every minute of the original
audio or video, but they would be expected to have read most or every word annotated
within the collection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a larger
project, the editor might delegate editorial tasks to trusted personnel, but
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For newly developed <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/indexercoder.html">controlled vocabulary</a>, there is also an
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Return to <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/06/oral-history-digital-indexing-roles.html" target="">Oral History Digital Indexing Roles.</a> </div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-51902863143175562892012-08-23T11:06:00.002-07:002012-12-04T08:37:55.969-08:00Indexer/Coder<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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The role of indexer entails two parts of the indexing work. There is developing the index—i.e., brainstorming and organizing the customized
controlled vocabulary to be used, and then actually applying the index to the
content, which could be referred to as coding. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>As
with all the other roles discussed here, this work may all be done by the same
person. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Developing an index, or more specifically the controlled
vocabulary used as the index, may include contributions from anyone familiar
with the content of the oral history interviews and the subject area in general.
The <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/annotator.html">annotator</a> is typically best equipped to provide the most specific and
topical input relative to the material that has been annotated. However, the controlled
vocabulary is based not only on the very specific content of the collection but
outside factors as well. Existing thesauri such as TGM and LCSH can be drawn
upon to develop the controlled vocabulary. Also, the users--the anticipated
audience of the collection—should be explicitly defined and considered when
choosing terms (e.g., a local term for an object might be more appropriate than
what LOC calls it.) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Developing a
controlled vocabulary is particularly <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012_12_01_archive.html">challenging in an on-going project</a>, as
the terms chosen and the architectural structure of terms (e.g., hierarchy)
will necessarily change as more material is added. Ideally, the controlled
vocabulary is developed after all interviewing and annotation is complete,
though sometimes this is not possible. Developing the controlled vocabulary works
best as a collaborative, <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/11/multi-dimensional-indexing-iterative.html">iterative process</a> (including drafting, debating, and
test application) aimed at a comprehensive taxonomy that represents the whole
collection. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Applying the controlled vocabulary is another task of the
indexer, or more specifically the coder.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Coding is sometimes done by more than one person, and often done by
someone different than the person who composed the annotation originally. Frequently,
the coder applies the controlled vocabulary based on the annotation summary
only, not by actually listening to the original recorded passage, which has
certain advantages and disadvantages. The key challenge with this job is maintaining
a reasonable amount of “intercoder reliability”—i.e., that two indexers/coders
independently will assign the same vocabulary term to the same passage. Some
inconsistency and subjectivity is expected in this process—just as two people
would not index a book in exactly the same way. Ideally, one person, such as a
lead indexer or the <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/editor.html">editor</a>, should oversee the indexing/coding and develop some
means of quality control of to assure a reasonable amount of consistency.<br />
<br />
Return to <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/06/oral-history-digital-indexing-roles.html" target="">Oral History Digital Indexing Roles.</a> </div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-53016444167451560222012-08-21T09:52:00.001-07:002012-12-04T08:29:08.372-08:00Annotator<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Annotation is a key step upon which indexing is built, and
the <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/06/oral-history-digital-indexing-roles.html">role</a> of the annotator is to link the content of the audio or video with
meaningful text. Annotation is itself a form of <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2011/11/what-is-digital-indexing.html">indexing</a>—creating text that
directs a user to content of interest—that simply takes a linear form, similar
to a transcript. The basic skill is listening to a recording, and composing
text that summarizes the content. Although annotation seeks to lighten the
tedious burden of word-for-word transcription, it still takes significant time
to complete (at least 1 ¼ hours per hour of interview, sometimes up to 2+ hours
or more if a great deal of detail is desired). Annotation proceeds faster with
practice and with increasing familiarity with the content. Familiarity with the
content from the outset (whether because of personal background/interest or
because the annotator conducted the interviews) is typically an additional
advantage. Because annotation is the foundation upon which the indexing is
built, consistency of style, density, and overall quality of annotation is
strongly recommended. Generally, annotations that are shorter but consistent
are better than a highly varied collection of sparse and detailed annotation
written by different people in different styles. When there is more than one
annotator, an <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/editor.html">editor</a> is an essential player in the indexing process. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Return to <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/06/oral-history-digital-indexing-roles.html" target="">Oral History Digital Indexing Roles.</a></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-668267005417846042012-08-16T13:47:00.003-07:002012-12-04T08:26:49.857-08:00Interviewer<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2011/11/what-is-digital-indexing.html" target="">Digital Indexing</a> of oral histories begins with the work of interviewer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In an ideal digital indexing project, the
role of the interviewer may continue throughout the <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/06/oral-history-digital-indexing-roles.html">process of indexing</a>, and in
some cases right through to <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/editor.html">editing</a> and <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/producerpublisher.html">production</a>. In other cases, the interviewer cannot be involved, for example in older, archival collections. In
any oral history, a key responsibility of the interviewer is to know their
subject and have conducted thorough background and contextual research.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An interviewer is by default a steward of the
recordings, and is thus on some level responsible for seeing through certain
follow up steps after the recording is made. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a project that includes indexing, an
interviewer is well positioned—because of their familiarity with the content—to
be an <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/annotator.html">annotator</a> and <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/indexercoder.html">indexer</a> of the material they recorded. This is not
imperative, and sometimes has the downside that they are not as objective as a
less familiar annotator might be. However, the original interviewer—especially
at a time shortly after the interview was conducted—has the potential to most
efficiently annotate material, taking advantage of their own memory of the
recorded event. When someone besides the interviewer does the annotation, they
have the disadvantage of being unfamiliar with the content. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
Return to <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/06/oral-history-digital-indexing-roles.html" target="">Oral History Digital Indexing Roles </a></div>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-30629163912953068182012-06-01T13:00:00.000-07:002012-12-04T08:19:39.985-08:00Oral History Digital Indexing Roles<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2011/11/what-is-digital-indexing.html">Digital Indexing</a> work is more akin to art than science. Accordingly,
breaking down the process to a series of universally applicable steps or
elements is challenging. This is both
because of the nature of the work but also due to the fact that every project
we work on is different. Our clients’ placement on the digital spectrum varies--ranging
from brand new oral history projects where not a single recording has yet been
made to well-developed projects with large amounts of digital material that
need to be multi-dimensionally indexed. Breaking
projects into phases, tasks, or other elemental organizational schemes can be
done, but is not necessarily the most useful organizational indexing schema for
this type of content (if you know what I mean).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The indexing process can be described by the roles of the
people involved. These roles described are not mutually exclusive, but they do
comprehensively cover the phases of work necessary to get a project from
beginning to end. The following titles for the various “roles” are conceptual
only. In some smaller projects, one or
two people are taking on all of the roles. In other projects, several people
may take on a single role (for example, where volunteers are organized to create
annotations). These roles can be filled by people within or outside of an organization,
be paid or volunteer positions, and engage highly skilled and knowledgeable
people, or not. They are presented here
as a basic guideline of “who and what” is needed within an annotation/indexing
project, and each role will be described in more detail in their own post.</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/interviewer.html">Interviewer</a></li>
<li><a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/annotator.html"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">A</span>nnotator</a></li>
<li><a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/indexercoder.html">Indexer/Coder</a></li>
<li><a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/editor.html"><span style="font-family: Symbol;">E</span>ditor</a></li>
<li><a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2012/08/producerpublisher.html">Producer/Publisher</a></li>
</ul>
Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-87738742044587252952012-04-24T14:19:00.002-07:002012-04-24T14:23:24.322-07:00Browsing vs. Searching: An "analogue" analogue<div style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">From NPR's <a href="http://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2012/04/21/151103039/eulogy-for-a-record-store" target="_blank">Eulogy for a Record Store</a>, a great quote about the merits of record store browsing:
</span></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: black;">
<span style="font-family: georgia,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 23px;">"Browsing
is a form of learning that is intense but indirect," Wieseltier says.
"It's learning by osmosis, by serendipity. It's being surprised because
when you browse, you don't know what you're looking for. You're not
indulging in 'search.' You're basically making a bet on the richness of
the world and immersing yourself in it and coming away with something
that you've discovered. ... Look, we grow by discoveries. We don't grow
by what we already know. But for these interventions and revelations and
illuminations, we would be only what we already are. Who wants to be
that?"</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="color: black;">
</div>
<div>
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: georgia,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 23px;"><i style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Special thanks to http://www.hussalonia.com/ for pointing out this link! </i></span></div>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-32359723493760231872012-04-04T11:51:00.000-07:002012-04-04T11:52:40.376-07:00“Inliteration”<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> 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Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p style="font-family: arial;" class="MsoNormal">It seems I’m getting behind on my posts…. Or actually, it seems I was getting ahead of myself. </p> <p style="font-family: arial;" class="MsoNormal">I want to talk about a concept I’ve been dabbling with for a couple of years. I call it “inliteration”. It’s a word I made up to capture the essence of what it means to make up a word. Inliteration is similar to “incarnation”, except instead of meaning to become “embodied” in a thing that is physical, it limited to taking form as words. </p> <p style="font-family: arial;" class="MsoNormal">Here’s Merriam-Webster’s definition(s) of incarnation:</p> <p style="font-family: arial;" class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/incarnation">http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/incarnation</a></p> <p style="font-family: arial;" class="MsoNormal">So to parallel those definitions, I propose:</p> <p style="font-family: arial;" class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">Inliteration</b></p> <p style="font-family: arial;" class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">1</i><em><span style="font-style: normal;">a (1)</span></em><strong><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">:</i></strong><span class="ssens"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> the embodiment of a deity or spirit in a word or group of words in human language </i></span><em><span style="font-style: normal;">(2)</span></em><strong><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">:</i></strong><span class="ssens"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> the union of concept with language analogous to the union of divinity with humanity in Christianity </i></span><em><span style="font-style: normal;">b</span></em><strong><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">:</i></strong><span class="ssens"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"> a quality or concept definable as a word or group of words</i></span></p> <p style="font-family: arial;" class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">2<strong>:</strong><span class="ssens"> the act of inliterating</span><strong>:</strong><span class="ssens"> the state of being inliterated </span></i></p> <p style="font-family: arial;" class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">3<strong>:</strong><span class="ssens"> language</span></i></p> <p style="font-family: arial;" class="MsoNormal">This is a cut at a definition… enough, I think, to be able to refer to it for other discussions. I’ve found it a handy word to have in conversation with a small group of friends who talk about library science, indexing, and life philosophy in general.</p>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-82038021418507075392012-02-29T09:48:00.004-08:002012-04-04T06:21:30.166-07:00"Indocumentation" as the essense of Oral History<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:worddocument> <w:view>Normal</w:View> <w:zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:trackmoves/> <w:trackformatting/> <w:punctuationkerning/> <w:validateagainstschemas/> <w:saveifxmlinvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:ignoremixedcontent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:donotpromoteqf/> <w:lidthemeother>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:lidthemecomplexscript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:compatibility> 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<w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="19" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="21" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Emphasis"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="31" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Subtle Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="32" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Intense Reference"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="33" semihidden="false" unhidewhenused="false" qformat="true" name="Book Title"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="37" name="Bibliography"> <w:lsdexception locked="false" priority="39" qformat="true" name="TOC Heading"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2011/11/what-is-digital-indexing.html">Digital Indexing</a> enhances oral history collections that otherwise cannot be easily accessed. We often use a “shoebox” metaphor to emphasize the importance of indexing: A collection of digital audio or video that is not indexed is in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">digital shoebox</i></b>, which is not much better than a real shoebox of un-digitized cassette or video tapes forgotten in a closet somewhere.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>By <a href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2011_12_01_archive.html">annotating and indexing</a> discrete passages of audio/video, we create access to collections that would otherwise be cumbersome if not impossible to make use of. </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Today, I want to take a moment to talk about the recording: The recording itself not only provides “access” to some living memory because it is in a re-playable medium, but it is a form of documentation. It occurs to me that the creation of new documentation is the essential element that makes recorded interviews so powerful. The moment things take documentary form—whether and email, an oral history recording, or even a produced documentary film—is when they have the potential to become part of a larger discourse.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This moment of incarnation, or perhaps “indocumentation,” is where ideas become things we can really talk about, but also do something about…</p>Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-42413372006114222102012-02-15T13:28:00.001-08:002012-02-15T14:37:14.708-08:00Locative Metadata<span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;" >When we index at Randforce, we develop controlled vocabularies (also known as thesauri) for annotated passages of audio and video. Technically, the objects we are indexing are metadata themselves. (Thus we create meta-metadata!) For discussion purposes, the objects we are indexing are a/v clips.</span><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;"><br face="times new roman"><br face="times new roman"></span><span style="font-family: times new roman;font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;" >We often conceptualize the process of indexing to be less like "labeling" something (i.e., what is it called?) and more like "putting it somewhere" (i.e., where does it belong?) and we sometimes call this "sorting the laundry." The proverbial laundry baskets are created by us indexers and the objects influence its creation in a meaningful way. </span><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;">It seems to me, that when these terms are fed back to the object, they are a unique type of metadata.<br face="times new roman"><br face="times new roman"></span><span style="font-family:times new roman;"><span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;">I'd like to propose that this type of metadata being created might be called "locative metadata". Locative metadata, conceptually, is more than an attribute of the object. Locative metadata implies "where it is" relative to other objects in the collection, not just what it is about. Locative metadata might also be a purely digital concept exactly because an object can reside in more than one location at a time (without needing to take up additional space). In this sense, library subject headings--from the book's perspective--is locative metadata, as are hyperlinks to an object from the objects' perspective.<br /></span><br style="font-family: times new roman;"></span></span><br style="font-family: times new roman;">Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-313799310375963592.post-6143569359724329762012-02-01T09:52:00.000-08:002012-02-08T10:16:23.811-08:00Launching a New Tab.. Tip of the Day<span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:arial;">This post may not be about oral history content management, but is certainly topical (for me, today). If you are putting links in your blog, remember to double check that your off-site links open a new tab or window, so that the page being read remains readily available. You can do this by adding a small piece of code.<br /></span><br style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:arial;">So if I link to another post in my blog, I will just assume that readers will find their way back here and I won't burden them with an extra tab...</span><br style="font-family:arial;"><br style="font-family:arial;"><a style="font-family: arial;" href="http://randforce.blogspot.com/2011/12/starting-with-indexed-summaries.html">Read an earlier post!</a><span style="font-family:arial;"> (And see you later!)</span><br style="font-family:arial;"><br style="font-family:arial;"><span style="font-family:arial;">However...<br /><br />If I'm sending them away, like to this YouTube video...</span><br face="arial"><br face="arial"><a style="font-family: arial;" target="_blank" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdkucf6wxU4&NR=1">Watch this YouTube Video</a><span style="font-family:arial;">! </span><br face="arial"><br face="arial"><span style="font-family:arial;">I'm going to wait here for them in the old tab. In the latter link, I added</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-family:arial;"> target="_blank" next to href="http://www...." in the Html just before "Watch this YouTube Video". Now we know.<br /></span></span><br style="font-family: arial;">Anonymousnoreply@blogger.com0